Italy has an area of km. It is bordered to the south by the Tyrrhenian Ionian southern and eastern Mediterranean seas and to the north by the Adriatic Slovenia and Austria and to the northwest by France Switzerland and the Ligurian Sea in the Mediterranean. Within the Italian peninsula there are also the independent countries of San Marino and Vatican City .
We can distinguish four large relief units in Italy: the Alps the Podantic plain the Apennines and the volcanic islands. In reality the Italian peninsula is organized around the Apennine system which is south of the great mountain range of the Alps .
Between both units is a wide sedimentation plain over which the Po River runs. The island of Sardinia is an enclave of the Alps that arises in the Mediterranean along with Corsica and the Mediterranean islands from Sicily to other minor ones are volcanic structures of recent emergence.
The Alps cover more than km² being almost km long and between and km wide. It is a chain a paradigm of the alpine relief in which we find successive landslide sheets organized in scales and summits of living ridges. In the axial sector where the CXB Directory hardest materials appear the highest mountains are found. As we move outwards limestone materials and direct Jurassic-type folds appear. We can distinguish three units within the Alps: the Piedmontese Alps the Lombard Alps and the Venetian Alps .
The Piedmontese or Western Alps begin in the Gulf of Genoa and go from the Cadibona Pass to the Simplon . They dominate the regions of Liguria Valle d'Aosta and Piedmont . They appear as a large wall that rises quickly from the Padana plain to meters where they border with France . Here are Mount Rosa at m the highest in Italy and Mount Matterhorn at m. They are in the vicinity of Mont Blanc which falls on the French side.
The Lombard Alps range from the Simplon to the Resia Pass . They are the central Alps . They border Switzerland for the most part. They are characterized by the fact that their relief structures are arranged in longitudinal bands where the climatic conditions differ greatly from their surroundings.
The Venetian Alps run from the Resia Pass to the Austrian border . It is the eastern sector of the Alps. They maintain the structural characteristics of the Lombard Alps but are much wider and lower in height. Here is the Dolomite mountain range which rises to more than meters with the Marmolada at m and the Carnic Alps up to meters high. The great differentiating characteristic of this sector is the great development of the karst relief.
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